星期四, 三月 30, 2006 

Effects of replacement of maize with dried leaves of sweet potato (Hypomoea batatas) and perennial peanuts (Arachis glabrata Benth) on the growth perf

Fulltext
A. Teguia, a, , R. M. Njwea and C. Nguekouo Foyetteb a
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 70, Dschang, Cameroonb Ministry of Agriculture, Yaounde, Cameroon Accepted 2 September 1996. Available online 10 December 1997.

Abstract
A total of 100 4-week-old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were used in a 4-week experiment to study the effect of replacing 200 or 300 g of maize kg−1 in the finisher diet with either sweet potato leaves (Hypomoea batatas) or perennial peanut leaves (Arachis glabrata Benth) on their growth rate and feed conversion ratio. The results revealed that the replacement of maize with sweet potato leaves significantly (P < 0.05) depressed body weight gain. Perennial peanut leaves had the same adverse effect on weight gain when replacing 300 g maize kg−1. However, when 200 g maize kg−1 was replaced by perennial peanut leaves, weight gain by chicks was similar to that of the control treatment. The substitution of 300 g maize kg−1 by either sweet potato leaves or perennial peanuts significantly (P < 0.05) increased feed conversion ratio. Therefore, the replacement of maize by either sweet potato or Arachis glabrata leaf meal does not seem justified under the conditions of this experiment.
Author Keywords: Finishing broilers; Perennial peanut; Sweet potato performance

 

Feeding of spinach or sweet-potato leaves and growth performance of growing pigs kept on smallholder farms in Central Vietnam.

Trop Anim Health Prod. 2004 Nov;36(8):815-22.
Nguyen LQ, Everts H, Hue HT, Beynen AC.
Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue City, Vietnam.

We investigated whether the addition of either spinach or sweet-potato leaves to the diet of growing pigs, kept in small holdings in Central Vietnam, would improve growth performance. A control diet was formulated and mixed with each of the vegetables to a final concentration of 15% of the total dietary dry matter. The diets were fed to the pigs from 70 to 100 days of age on six different smallholder farms in Central Vietnam. There were three animals per treatment group per farm and biopsies of adipose tissue were analysed for their contents of alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The diets without and with vegetables contained on average 0.14 and 0.32 g alpha-linolenic acid per MJ metabolizable energy. The relative percentage of alpha-linolenic acid in adipose tissue was raised by the intake of the vegetables. Eicosapentaenoic acid was not detectable in adipose tissue and the level of docosahexaenoic acid was unchanged. There was a significant stimulatory impact of the intake of either spinach or sweet-potato leaves on growth performance of the growing pigs. It is suggested that an adipose tissue content of alpha-linolenic acid less than 1% of total fatty acids does not allow maximum growth in growing pigs.

 

Utilization of ensiled sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) leaves as a protein supplement in diets for growing pigs.

Trop Anim Health Prod. 2005 Jan;37(1):77-88
Van An L, Hong TT, Ogle B, Lindberg JE.
Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue City, Vietnam.

Four diets were formulated with protein from fishmeal (FM), groundnut cake (GC), ensiled sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) leaves (SP) or ensiled sweet potato leaves with lysine (SPL). In experiment 1, 24 crossbred (Large White x Mong Cai) growing pigs were allocated randomly by sex into four groups of six pigs and given one of four diets. Experiment 2 was conducted using 16 crossbred pigs (Large White x Mong Cai) at four farms. On each farm, pigs were allocated to two experimental groups. One group was fed the FM diet and the other group the SPL diet. In experiment 1, the daily live weight gains (DLWG) were significantly higher (p <> 0.05). The feed cost per kg live weight gain was lowest for the SP and SPL diets compared to the FM and GC diets. The results of experiment 2 show that there were no significant differences in feed intake, DLWG and FCR between the two diets (p > 0.05). In conclusion, sweet potato leaves can replace fishmeal and groundnut cake in traditional Vietnamese diets for growing pigs.

 

高胡萝卜素含量品种徐22-5&徐薯18




















高胡萝卜素含量品种徐22-5(上) 徐薯18 (下)

徐薯18是由已故著名甘薯专家盛家廉研究员主持选育。1973年从实生苗入选,1976年开始在生产上推广,1982年获国家发明一等奖,种植面积曾达到3000余万亩。徐薯18以其适应性广、鲜产水平高、高抗根腐病、抗退化能力强等在中国甘薯生产上发挥了空前的作用,目前常年种植面积约2200万亩,主要分布在山东、河南、安徽、河北、江苏等省份。脱毒种薯的推广使徐薯18在生产上更上一个台阶。徐薯18紫红皮、白肉、水分大时出现环状紫晕,出苗旺盛,适合淀粉加工及饲料等。

从杂交组合“Lo323 X AIS0122-2”中选出,是高胡萝卜素型食用种,干物率与徐薯18相当,桔黄色薯皮,产量中等。胡萝卜素含量约15毫克/100克鲜薯,远高于一般桔红肉品种的含量,适量食用可增加人体的胡萝卜素摄取,增强体质,预防维生素A缺乏症。该品系适合用来加工油炸薯片、烘烤、蒸煮食用。

 

SWEET POTATO VARIETIES


1.
Beauregard -- Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station release. Light rose or copper skin, dark orange flesh, uniformly shaped. Very good yield that stores well. Resistant to white grub and streptomyces soil rot but is susceptible to root knot nematode. Matures in 105-110 days. Outstanding new release that has really been accepted by farmers. Extremely high yields with very little cracking. Red-orange skin and orange flesh. Quick maturing with good shape.

2.
"Bunch" Porto Ricos -- Also called "Bush" and "Vineless." The favorite of gardners with limited space. Porto Rico has copper-colored outside skin and light red flesh. Delicious "old-fashioned" flavor, an excellent baking potato. "Baby Bakers" in 100 days. The old "red yam."

3.
Carolina Bunch -- Developed by USDA-ARS and Clemson University SCAES for use in gardens where the bunch habit requires less space for high yields. Roots are uniformly shaped with a very smooth bright, light copper skin. The flesh is deep orange. Resistant to four races of root knot nematode. Adequate resistance to stem rot, internal cork, sclerotial blight and leaf blight. Low level resistance to soil rot. Adequate level of resistance to wireworms, cucumber beetles and flea beetles but not as high as Regal or Sumor. Not resistant to white grub. Vigorous plants form a dense and high leaf canopy resulting in a bunched appearance. Yields are better than Jewel in a 110-120 day growing season.

4.
Centennial -- Soft-fleshed type. Produces a medium to large product. This old favorite is a smooth sweet potato with a deep orange flesh that adds color to every table — and the yield is unbelievable! Tolerates clay soil better than the Jewel. This is America's leading sweet potato. Chances are this is the variety you bought at your local market. Carrot color inside. "Baby Bakers" in 90 days. Yields reported of 500 bushels per acre. Housewive's favorite because of beautiful color and excellent cooling qualities.

5.
Excel -- Attractive light copper skin and orange flesh. Sizes well shaped roots earlier than most cultivars and yields about 15% more than Jewel. Resistance to disease and insects similar to the Regal. Is similar to the Regal in that it has shown better natural insect resistance than could be expected using chemical pesticides. Vine growth is vigorous and ground cover is good. Developed by USDA-ARS and Clemson University.

6.
Garnet -- Deep red or purple skin, moist orange flesh with medium-sized roots and short to long spindle. Best used in recipes that call for mashed or grated sweet potatoes such as pies, cakes and breads.

7.
Georgia Jet -- A spectacular new variety with extremely fast growth (#1 size potatoes in only 90 days) and extra-high yields. Ideal for northern gardens, even New England. Five years of testing in the northern state of New York shows that Georgia Jet produces 2-1/2 times the yield of standard varieties. Yields in other sections are exceptional. Jets have deep orange inside color with moist flesh and marvelous taste. The outside skin is so red it is almost purple.

8.
Hernandez -- Developed by Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. This late (125 days) sizing cultivar has high yield and excellent baking and processing qualities. Moderate resistance to fusarium wilt, southern rootknot, nematode, soil rot and internal cork. Roots are fusiform, lightly grooved and red skinned. Flesh is a deep orange.

9.
Jersey or Yellow Jersey -- This variety is an “old-fashioned” sweet potato with a golden yellow skin at harvest time which fades to buff or tan after storage. The flesh color ranges from creamy white to bright yellow with an occasional pink variegation. It has a dry, mealy flesh.

10.
Jewel -- “The current Queen of sweet potatoes,” was developed by North Carolina State University. Jewel is still the leading commercial variety planted in North Carolina. The variety is a “yam-type” (moist, soft, yellow-fleshed when baked) with a light copper skin and orange flesh. It produces a very high yield (to 6 sweet potatoes per plant) of moderately short, chunky roots. The variety prefers a sandy soil and is resistant to fusarium wilt, southern rootknot nematode, internal cork and sweet potato beetle. It needs 120-135 days growing time for maximum yield.

11.
New Jewel -- The improved Centennial. The blue ribbon winner for color, taste and yield. Rosy red outside skin, deep orange inside. Bakes quickly with a soft texture.

12.
Red Jewel -- New to our catalog but an old favorite. Deep orange inside with very red outside skin. Bakes quickly with soft texture. Real "eye catcher."

13.
Nancy Hall -- The "Yellow Yam" of the 30's and 40's. Older gardener's favorite. Light skin, yellow flesh. Juicy, waxy and sweet when baked. If taste is more important than beauty, try Nancy Hall.

14.
Kotobuki (Japanese) -- Light colored flesh with a nutty flavor similar to a roasted chestnut that is great for baking, salads and tempura.

15.
O'Henry -- White colored flesh comparable in appearance and flavor to the old Nancy Hall variety. It is a mutation of the Beauregard and was developed by Wayne Bailey, Cane Creek Farms, Vardaman, MS. It is high yielding with a maturity of 90 days vs. 120 days for Nancy Hall. It is resistant to disease where other white varieties aren't. To purchase O’Henry sweet potatoes contact: Cane Creek Farms, 119 Hwy. 341 South, Vardaman, MS 38878, (662) 682-9622. Call Benny Graves, Mississippi Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Plant Industry, (662) 325-7773 for info about the O’Henry and other MS varieties.

16.
Porto Rican -- Copper colored skin with a reddish-orange flesh. Old established moist sweet potato with a very sweet and delicious flavor. Excellent for baking. Its compact growing habits make it an ideal garden variety. It is susceptible to wire worm, fusarium wilt, internal cork and southern root-knot nematodes.

17.
Regal -- Brilliant purplish-red skin at harvest, orange flesh and excellent baking quality. It produces abundant sprouts and has excellent yield potential. high level of resistance to internal cork and stem rot (fusarium wilt). Low level of resistance to soil rot (pox) and good resistance to southern rootknot nematode. Regal also has resistance to tobacco and southern potato wireworm, banded cucumber beetle, spotted cucumber beetle, elongate flea beetle, pole striped flea beetle, sweet potato flea beetle and to at least two species of white grubs. Stores well but not as long as Jewel. Developed by USDA-ARS, Clemson University SCAES & Texas A&M.

18.
Southern Delite -- Has a rose to dark copper skin, dark orange flesh and excellent baking quality and satisfying flavor. Produces excellent yields and stores slightly better than Jewel. Combination of pest resistances is similar to that of Regal. Has moderate soil rot resistance. Has shown better natural insect resistance than could be expected using chemical pesticides. Excellent sprout (plant) production. Developed by USDA-ARS and Clemson University and released in 1986.

19.
Sumor -- Sumor, which is old English for summer, is considered a novelty as it has similarities to that of an Irish potato. It has a smooth, light tan skin, white to yellow flesh and a high dry matter content. It can be eaten fresh earlier than most cultivars and yields about 15% more than Jewel. Although this variety has only a fraction of the Beta-Catotene found in orange varities, it does contain more Vitamin C than most tomatoes. Resistance to disease and insects similar to Regal. Vine growth is vigorous and ground cover is good. Developed by USDA-ARS and Clemson University SCAES. Sumer should be grown in climates too hot for Irish potatoes. You won’t be able to tell the difference.

20.
Vardaman -- A bush variety with deep orange flesh. Perfect for the limited-space garden, where its beautiful deep red and green foliage makes it equally attractive as an ornamental. Released by the Mississippi Agricultural Extension Service in 1981. Is considered the best short-vined variety for eating. Has better resistance to fusarium wilt than older short vines (only 4’-5’ in length). The latest release and our most spectacular. Our second "Bush" variety. Golden yellow outside skin that darkens soon after digging. Deepest, brightest orange color of all.

 

国内外甘薯研究现状--徐州甘薯研究中心育种室

一、甘薯的生产与消费现状:  

1.世界甘薯的生产。 
 
据联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计,世界上共有111个国家栽培甘薯,栽培面积主要分布在亚洲、非洲的发展中国家,其次为拉丁美洲,欧洲面积极少。1997年世界甘薯栽培面积为904.6万公顷,总产为13675.6万t,其中97.9%的面积集中在发展中国家。亚洲为世界甘薯的主产区,60-70年代间占世界栽培总面积的85%-90%,近年来比例明显减少,1997年栽培面积为717.8万公顷,占世界总面积的79.3%;总产量为12505.8万t,占世界总产量的91.4%;平均单产为17t/公顷,高于世界平均水平。亚洲栽培面积较大的国家有中国、越南、印度尼西亚等。非洲甘薯栽培面积占世界面积的16.7%;总产为695.7万t,仅占世界总产量的5.1%;由于巨大的粮食压力,甘薯面积仍呈扩大的趋势。非洲栽培面积较大的国家有乌干达、坦桑尼亚等,由于非洲的农业自然条件较差,以及严重的病毒危害等原因,每公顷产量仅达5t。日本、美国、韩国等发达国家和地区栽培面积一直呈下降趋势,目前栽培面积仅相当于60年代的5%。  

2.世界甘薯消费与市场情况。  

世界各国甘薯的消费随着社会经济的发展,一般经历食用为主;饲用、食用、加工并重;加工为主,食饲兼用等几个阶段。发达国家与发展中国家甘薯的消费形式截然不同。日本、韩国和中国台湾省近年来面积减少很多,作为淀粉原料的主要用途因廉价玉米淀粉的进口,而迅速下降,甚至被挤出市场,现特别强调其保健功能和优质鲜食用途,另外一些方便加工食品颇受欢迎。美国一直将甘薯作为精美的食品食用,特别偏爱橘红色薯肉的品种。许多发达国家还将甘薯茎叶作为优质蔬菜食用,素有“蔬菜皇后”之美誉。发达国家人均年消费仅2-6kg。中国甘薯消费已转向加工为主阶段,淀粉所占比例最大,优质鲜薯食用、菜用市场正在开发。甘薯在部分发展中国家作为粮食的功能并没有衰退,非洲一些国家几乎将甘薯全部作为食用,甚至作为食物能量重要的来源。乌干达、布隆迪等国人均年消费100kg左右。发展中国家人均消费15.5kg高于发达国家数倍。国际市场上甘薯及其产品所占份额极小。  

3.甘薯生产中存在的问题和科研动向。

  病毒病危害严重是甘薯生产中重要问题,由于资金投入、技术投入和抗病毒品种缺乏,脱毒品种的检测手段、标准不普及,脱毒种薯推广力度不大。由于贮藏、运输等条件的限制,甘薯及其加工产品在国际市场上成交份额很小。育种基础性研究不够,育种方法相对比其他作物落后,育成品种在品质(营养品质和加工品质)不优,抗病性、抗逆性等能力不强。加工技术多停留在农户水平,缺乏先进实用的加工技术。甘薯蚁象在热带发展中国家危害猖獗,国际马铃薯中心称之为需重点解决的头号难题。  世界各国的甘薯育种目标略有不同,发达国家强调食用保健、抗病虫及适宜机械化操作等的品种,强调在满足市场需求的同时减低农药施用量。国际马铃薯中心提出的育种目标为高干、高产、耐病毒、抗疮痂病、耐旱、耐瘠等。中国甘薯育种的主要目标为高干率、高产、抗病、优质、菜用等专用型品种的选育已越来越重要。甘薯生物技术研究远落后于其他作物,日、美等国科技人员正寻求甘薯品质和抗性改良的生物技术途径。甘薯基因工程的研究取得了一定的进展,但距实际应用还有一段距离;发达国家在甘薯作为航天食物的开发,防癌保健食品的开发方面作了许多工作。  

二、甘薯生产的发展预测:  

甘薯兼具有粮食作物和经济作物的特点,近年来发展中国家为满足对粮食的需求和经济发展的需求,甘薯在近年内必须保持一定的面积。2015年世界甘薯面积总体下降,单产将达到22t/公顷,总产达到12980万t。2030年应该说总产基本保持不动,单产水平继续提高,栽培面符号下降速度较快。随着社会的发展、科技的进步、农村生产条件的改变,以及人们膳食结构的调整,食物多样化,到2050年时,甘薯作物栽培面积将有较大幅度减少,总面积达现在的30%-40%,单产相当于现在的200%左右,总 仍可以满足消费需要(表2)。  

三、甘薯生产的发展对策:

  1.加大宣传力度,重新认识甘薯作物。甘薯在发展节水农业、旱地农业中占有重要的位置。甘薯具有特殊保健功能。甘薯的防癌效果位于40余种防癌蔬菜的首位。

  2.调整政策,加大投入。

  3.建立脱毒种薯繁育基地,严格种薯质量监控。

  4.提高以育种为中心的科研水平。

  5.推广先进实用的栽培技术。

  6.加强产后加工研究。

 

Phytochemicals and pulp from vegetable crops waste

By Maria Teresa S. AgarradoMediaCore, PCARRD
Farm and market wastes from crops' non-edible parts such as stems, leaves, roots and other plant refuse have more important uses than just burned or left to decay on the field or wasted in dumpsites.
Aside from being green manure or compost, crop wastes can be sources of phytochemicals or bioactive substances such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. These substances are essential in the production of environment-safe and natural-based cosmetics, medicines, and pesticides.
Crop wastes also have cellulose substances or pulp that can be used for papermaking.
Alkaloids have strong anti-bacterial and anti-cancer biological activity and are widely used as component of drug and herbal formulations.
Flavonoids act as potential antioxidants and anti-aging agents in cosmetic products. These have anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities that inhibit growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
Saponins are surface-active agents producing foamy suds when mixed with water. These are used as ingredients for cosmetics, detergents, shampoos, emulsifiers, and fire extinguishers. Saponins exhibit hemolytic properties, which act as poison, show cytotoxic or pesticidal activity, and have a variety of medicinal applications. They can inhibit growth of cancer cells, lower cholesterol, boost immune system and energy, act as natural antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant.
Common vegetable crops, such as ampalaya, singkamas, tomato, bataw, saluyot, eggplant, garlic, onion, and sitao contain these phytochemicals. They possess medicinal, antipyretic, analgesic, and cytotoxic or pesticidal properties.
Extracts from the seeds of ampalaya contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, which have insecticidal property against fruitfly. The same phytochemicals extracted from the seeds of singkamas are also effective as insecticide against green leafhopper.
Saponin extracts from the stems, roots, and leaves of the ?Apollo' tomato variety have insecticidal property against brown planthopper. The extracts also contain anti-tumor agent.On the other hand, extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots of the native tomato variety contain saponins that have antibacterial action against disease-causing bacteria called Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Extracts from the seeds of bataw contain saponins and alkaloids with anti-tumor agent.The leaves, pods, and seeds of saluyot have alkaloids, saponins, and aromatic groups with anti-mutagenic property, that is, it can prevent mutation of cells that can lead to cancer. The leaves, stems and fruits of ?Dumaguete Long Purple' eggplant variety contain saponins with pesticidal properties.
Meanwhile, saponin extracts from the leaves, fruits, and stems of ?Nueva Ecija Green' eggplant have antipyretic property that can lower fever similar to the action of aspirin.The cloves of native garlic contain aromatic and aliphatic groups that can prevent formation of the fungi Aspergillus flavus or molds usually found in peanuts and corn, and in processed foods such as cheese and milk. The garlic extracts can also fight bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.The flavonoid and saponin extracts from the bulb of red onion exhibit antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extracts from the skin and bulb of yellow granex onion have antipyretic and mild analgesic or pain relieving properties.The leaves, vines, flowers, pods, and roots of sitao contain saponins and flavonoids with fungicidal property against rice fungi, Pyricularia oryzae.Vines of ampalaya and rice straw are potential sources of pulp for papermaking. Paper from ampalaya is tougher than rice straw paper. The Philippine Seed Board Rice varieties that can be used for rice straw papermaking are PSB Rc24, 40, 60, and 62. PSB Rc24 variety produces the brightest and thickest paper, most resistant to ink penetration, and least resistant to water penetration. These mind-twisting findings came out in a study called ?
Investigation of selected agricultural products and wastes in Region III as sources of natural products and pulp? by a team of researchers at Central Luzon State University led by Lilia D. Torres. The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development monitored the study

 

The Need for Lutein®

More and more people are discovering the benefits of including lutein in their diets for overall health.
The latest awareness survey on lutein found that 44%of Americans had heard of lutein. The study also found that over 50% of females in the United States are aware of lutein. Products containing lutein are in high demand by consumers who don't have time or don't choose to consume enough lutein in their diets. In fact, vitamin brands with lutein grew eight times faster than average.
This heightened awareness brings increasing demand for products containing Lutein.

What is Lutein?
Lutein is a carotenoid found in vegetables and fruits. It is not made in the body and can only be obtained through large amounts of certain fruits and vegetables or through food and vitamin supplements.

Lutein has been found in the eye, serum, skin, cervix, brain and breast. Within the human eye, lutein deposits itself in the macular region as well as the entire retina, ciliary iris bodies and lens.
How does it work?
Like all carotenoids, lutein is an antioxidant that may protect the macula tissue from destructive oxidation reactions by quenching free radicals. Lutein also filters high-energy blue light that can damage the macula and skin.

Why do my customers need lutein?
Insufficient levels of lutein in the macula have been identified as a risk factor in the onset of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness among adults over the age of 50 in the United States. Studies have shown that lutein deposits in the eye may reduce the formation of cataracts and retinal diseases.

While lutein is found abundantly in green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale, few of us eat enough to get an adequate intake of lutein. Nutrition experts suggest consuming at least 6 milligrams of lutein a day. However, to achieve that amount, one must eat a large bowl of spinach salad.

Many people find this difficult to do on a daily basis. That is why adding FloraGLO brand Lutein to dietary supplements or foods and beverages is the ideal way to help consumers achieve their daily needs of lutein.

Kemin Solutions
FloraGLO brand Lutein is the proven, patented, and purified choice for vitamin and dietary supplement marketers who want to leverage the growing awareness of this powerful antioxidant's health benefits into increased sales.
Since the 1994 groundbreaking research at Harvard University Medical School, Kemin Health has invested in educating healthcare professionals, vision specialists, and consumers about this naturally occurring carotenoid.

Purified Lutein
FloraGLO brand Lutein is purified from marigold extract using patented processes so consumers can be sure supplements containing FloraGLO brand Lutein contain the same lutein that is found in nature.

Unlike lutein esters, FloraGLO brand lutein is chemically identical to lutein found in spinach, kale, collard greens, and other green leafy vegetables in our diet. In fact, 93 percent of the lutein absorbed by the human body is present as lutein - not lutein esters.
Leveraging The Brand

After it was established as the lutein of choice in health food stores, FloraGLO brand Lutein became the leading lutein in mass-market vitamin and supplement brands.

Currently, more than 100 manufacturers worldwide - including seven of the top 10 dietary supplement manufacturers based on market share - leverage the FloraGLO brand by incorporating the FloraGLO logo on product packaging.

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