During the past century, medical science has added wondrous treatments and technologies to its disease-fighting arsenal. For all these innovations, however, the most amazing and effective tools for fighting disease may be growing in our own backyard gardens or nestled in the produce section of the local grocery store and fruit stand.
Fruits and vegetables. Countless generations of children have been beguiled, prodded, and bribed by their parents to eat them, and for good reason. Edible plants, full of nutrients, vitamins, and fiber, are essential for good health. But there's more to these foodstuffs than just basic nutrition (and fixings for a really great pizza).
Folk wisdom has long regarded plants for their medicinal and protective qualities. Only recently, though, has science established that plants play a more comprehensive role in the human diet. Phytochemicals, naturally occurring biochemicals that give plants their color, flavor, smell, and texture, may help prevent diseases that are responsible for over 60 percent of all deaths annually in the United States.
In 1900, the top three causes of death in the United States (31 percent of all deaths) were pneumonia/influenza, tuberculosis, and diarrhea/enteritis. Between 1900 and 1940, that statistic changed dramatically. Public health measures (sanitation), improved nutrition, and the development of antibiotics tremendously reduced the number of deaths from those diseases. The incidence of pneumonia and influenza, which caused nearly 12 percent of all deaths in 1900, declined significantly. Although they are still the sixth leading cause of death, by the mid-1990s, these two diseases accounted for only 3.6 percent of all deaths per year -- a 70 percent reduction.
Since the 1940s, most deaths in the United States have resulted from a completely different category of diseases -- heart disease, cancer, and stroke -- and at much higher percentages. In 1900, only about 20 percent of all deaths occurred from those three killers. By the late 1990s, that number had jumped to over 60 percent.
To be sure, much of that increase is due to the fact that fewer people have been dying of the previous group of killers. Consequently, people are living longer and are more vulnerable to chronic diseases. There is increasing evidence, however, that the exceptionally high death rates from heart disease, cancer, and stroke are preventable and can be lowered with changes in diet, lifestyle, and environment.
The Phytochemical Evolution
Phytochemicals, by the strictest definition, are chemicals that are produced by plants. Currently, the term is being used only for those plant chemicals that may have health-related effects but are not considered essential nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins).
When plants first evolved, there was little free oxygen in the atmosphere. As oxygen levels increased, a direct result of plant metabolism (plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen), their environment became polluted. Over time, plants acquired new antioxidant compounds, which afforded them protection from molecules of highly reactive oxygen. These plants survived the oxygen pollution and slowly evolved into today's oxygen tolerant plants. Biochemical defenses against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and damage to cell structures, especially DNA, also became part of the plant world's arsenal.
As animals species evolved, many were able to "borrow" some of the protective phytochemicals from the plants composing their diets, saving these species the trouble of having to manufacture all their own chemical defense mechanisms. This, of course, happened to the human animal as well.
The Phytochemical Revolution
Since the 1970s, increasing numbers of studies are finding associations between the food people eat, their health, and their life expectancy. In the '70s, concerns focused on the role of dietary cholesterol in causing heart disease and cancer. Although the importance of cholesterol in the human diet turned out to be relatively unimportant (high blood levels of cholesterol can be dangerous, but they are not caused by eating cholesterol.) it did help to shift the focus on health from treatment to prevention.
Another discovery has focused attention on the importance of phytochemicals. Pregnant women with diets deficient in folic acid have a higher incidence of babies with spina bifida and other neural tube defects. These devastating birth defects result from incomplete development of the fetal brain, spinal cord, skull, or spinal column, yet the majority of cases are completely preventable with a healthy diet.
During the 1980s and 1990s, numerous laboratories began studying phytochemicals to "mine" plants for bioactive substances that might be used as medicines (nutriceuticals) or for other chemical applications. Many compounds are showing great promise as disease fighters in the body, boosting production or activities of enzymes, which then act by blocking carcinogens, suppressing malignant cells, or interfering with the processes that can cause heart disease and stroke.
As an example, homocysteine is an amino acid produced by the body, usually after eating meat, which has been established to cause atherosclerosis, a build-up of fat and other materials on the inside of arteries. Research has proven that diets deficient in folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and B-12, are associated with higher blood levels of homocysteine and a higher incidence of heart disease and stroke. Adding nutritional supplements or foods (such as beans, potatoes, bananas, and broccoli) can reduce elevated homocysteine levels, lowering the risk of heart attack and stroke.
While many laboratories have been searching for and studying individual phytochemicals, other scientists have been conducting epidemiological studies (studies of diseases in populations) to see what effect different diets have on people. Significantly, they've been able to contrast and compare genetically similar people in different dietary environments; e.g. comparing the health of Japanese eating a traditional diet in Japan versus Japanese-Americans eating a conventional American diet.
Hundreds of studies from around the world have established that diets high in plant-based foods are associated with lower rates of cancer and heart disease, sometimes astonishingly so. One analysis of data from 23 epidemiological studies showed that a diet rich in whole grains and vegetables reduced the risk of colon cancer by 40 percent. Another study demonstrated that women who don't eat many fruits and vegetables have a 25 percent higher risk of developing breast cancer.
Phytochemical use comes with a caution sign, however. These compounds aren't always beneficial under all circumstances or in high doses. Certain biochemicals and vitamins, at least as provided in supplements, have been found to encourage the growth of cancer cells and their use is being discouraged in patients undergoing cancer treatments. And, although it has many benefits in other circumstances, high doses of beta-carotene supplements are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in male smokers.
As they occur naturally in plant foods, phytochemicals promise to create an entirely new philosophy of "functional foods," eating not just to sustain minimal basic health but also eating to prevent disease. In the future, we may tailor our diets to include the foods that will best address our personal health problems and risks as well as maintain optimal health.
Use the links provided below to navigate to discussions about individual phytochemicals, complete with photomicrographs of the purified biochemicals. The digital images presented in this gallery were captured using a combination of plane-polarized light and
Hoffman modulation contrast optical microscopy techniques.
Ajoene - Millions of Italian mothers can't be wrong. Eat your garlic, it's good for you. Ajoene is a naturally occurring "nutriceutical" that might reduce the risk of stroke and heart disease.
Butyl Phthalide - It's the distinctive taste and smell of celery, but also offers protection against cancer, high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. No wonder the ancient Greeks gave stalks of celery as trophies for their athletes.
Calcium Pectate - That crunch in your pickle may help lower your cholesterol levels by removing cholesterol from the bloodstream.
Capsaicin - This chili pepper-derived spice packs the wallop in your hot tamale, but it is also a digestive aid, a topical painkiller, and a potential cancer-fighting compound.
Catechin Hydrate - Never mind the fortunetellers and soothsayers. Thanks to their cancer-fighting properties, tea leaves could give everybody a great future.
Coumarin - Rats could live longer without this blood thinning agent that doubles as a rat poison, but warfarin (a coumarin derivative) is the most commonly used oral anticoagulant medication.
Coumesterol - An isoflavone coumarin derivative found in soy products, this phytoestrogen appears promising as a naturally-occurring cancer preventative.
Ellagic Acid - A natural pesticide in many fruit plants, such as strawberries and raspberries, this phytochemical fights cancer in humans.
Genistein - Found in soy products, genistein is an isoflavone derivative that is proving to be a strong inhibitor of cancer and may be useful in the creation of new anti-cancer drugs.
Heliotropin - This vanilla-like safrole derivative is not a nutritional phytochemical, but is being studied for its relaxing properties in aromatherapy.
Indole - Found throughout nature, this aromatic nitrogen heterocycle assumes the form of a potent cancer fighter in the vegetables everybody loves to hate: broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage . . .
Lutein - Lutein is one of 600 naturally occurring fat-soluble antioxidant carotenoid biochemicals that are found in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, collard greens, romaine lettuce, leeks and peas. Lutein acts to filter and shield harmful blue light from the eye and protect against age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in people over 65.
Lycopene - Animals are completely dependent upon plants for this reddish phytochemical natural pigment. Deposited in a number of body tissues, lycopene protects against heart disease, certain cancers, and a multitude of other disorders.
Para-Coumaric Acid - A phenolic compound based on the coumarin heterocyclic nucleus, para-coumaric acid inhibits the development of stomach cancer by stopping the formation of nasty nitrosamines.
Saponin - The plant biochemicals that produce suds in root beer are also effective antimicrobial, cholesterol-lowering, and anticancer phytochemicals. Some saponins, such as digitalis, are also used as heart medications.
Sulforaphane - Sulforaphane is a naturally occurring sulfur containing isothiocyanate derivative that helps to mobilize the human body's natural cancer-fighting resources and reduces the risk of developing cancer.
Zeaxanthin - Popeye, the popular cartoon character known for his timely consumption of spinach, was correct in his assumption that this unpopular vegetable is healthy eating. So was mom. Ounce for ounce, spinach contains more than twice as much zeaxanthin and more than 60 times as much lutein as yellow corn.
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